我聽老師說過作者: niewanwan 時間: 2010-5-9 20:04
學習了！！！！作者: soslxlsos 時間: 2010-5-9 20:15
一般都是收縮無力比較多作者: 花花好 時間: 2010-5-10 08:38
就是陰離子鹽.作者: pameya 時間: 2010-5-11 22:30
可以適當喂點鮮的禾草，補充些VC作者: 382948097 時間: 2010-5-28 12:06
你在圍產前期用一下陰離子鹽看看，我這使用陰離子鹽前胎衣不下約6%，使用后降到了2%.作者: htz 時間: 2010-5-29 15:20
Retained Fetal Membranes
Etiology
RFM or retained placenta is a very common condition in
dairy cattle. Fetal membranes should be expelled in less
than 8 hours following normal parturition; therefore
retention for longer than 8 to 12 hours is considered
abnormal. Abortion, either infectious or sporadic, occurring
during the last half, of pregnancy frequently results
in RFM. Hydrops, uterine torsion, twinning, and dystocia
in general result in increased incidence of RFM when
compared with normal parturitions. Heat stress and periparturient
hypocalcemia also predispose to the condition.
Cows induced to calve by pharmacologic means
such as exogenous corticosteroid administration should
be anticipated to have RFM. Nutritional causes such
as overconditioning of dry cows and carotene and selenium
defi ciencies also have been incriminated. Low
le vels of vitamin A as occur in hyperkeratosis and polybrominated
biphenyls toxicity are associated with RFM,
metritis, and abortion. In selenium-defi cient areas, cattle
that have low selenium values may have an increased
incidence of RFM, metritis, and cystic ovaries. Vitamin E,
which has been shown to enhance neutrophil function,
also may be involved. Cattle fed stored feeds from areas
that are selenium defi cient should be monitored for selenium
status and supplemented routinely. Selenium
and vitamin E could be related to RFM either as a result
of pure defi ciency or altered neutrophil function.
Cattle that have RFM following parturition may be at
greater risk of the condition in subsequent years. Perhaps
more importantly, epidemiologic studies show that cows
with RFM have a higher incidence of metabolic diseases,
mastitis, metritis, and subsequent abortion. Therefore
despite the fact that many cows with RFM remain asymptomatic
as regards immediate uterine health, associated
diseases are a defi nite risk. Decreased resistance to uterine
and other infections in cattle with RFM is partially explained
by proven neutrophil dysfunction associated
with the condition in periparturient cows. In addition to
reduced neutrophil function, cattle with acute metritis
associated with RFM could have a depletion of neutrophils
in the peripheral blood as a result of acute recruitment
of neutrophils to the infected uterus as evidenced
by the degenerative left shift in the leukogram observed
in some septic metritis patients. Although septic metritis
or chronic endometritis does not occur in most cattle
with RFM, the urge to treat RFM is based primarily on the
inability to predict which cows will develop clinically
signifi cant sequelae.
Recent evidence strengthens the hypothesis that RFM is
mediated by impaired neutrophil function beginning in
the late dry period. Reduced neutrophil migration toward
tissue extracts of placentomes can be detected as long
as 2 weeks before calving in cows that go on to develop
RFM. Other neutrophil functions, such as oxidative burst作者: htz 時間: 2010-5-29 15:21
(a component of neutrophil bacterial killing action) are
also impaired in these cows. Impaired neutrophil function
has also been recorded in hypocalcemic cows. Indeed,
many of the etiological factors associated with RFM
have also been correlated to impairment of neutrophil
function, including vitamin and mineral defi ciencies, heat
stress, or exogenous corticosteroid administration. The
poor neutrophil function in affected cows extends into
the postpartum period and probably mediates most of
the complications usually associated with RFM.
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Clinical signs are obvious when the fetal membranes
protrude from the vulva or hang ventral from the vulva
to the escutcheon, rear udder, or hocks (Figure 9-6). The
condition is less apparent when the membranes are retained
within the uterus or only project into the cervix or
vagina and require a vaginal examination to be detected.
Other clinical signs are completely dependent on evolution
of associated diseases. Metritis is the most common
secondary complication, and clinical signs of metritis
or endometritis are identical to those discussed in the
metritis section. Secondary metabolic conditions may
be linked directly to RFM when metritis exists or
merely concurrent when the metritis is insignifi cant. As作者: htz 時間: 2010-5-29 15:21
previously mentioned, mastitis, metabolic diseases, ascending
urinary tract infections, and displaced abomasum
may be associated with RFM complicated by metritis
or, in the case of infections, because of less than optimal
neutrophil function.
Tenesmus may appear in some cattle because of constant
tension and irritation of the caudal reproductive
tract by the protruding membranes. Eventually a fetid
odor emanates from the RFM, especially when metritis
develops, and this may be the initial prompt for producers
to seek veterinary attention or instigate treatment
themselves.
Untreated, most RFMs separate and fall away 3 to
12 days following calving. Unfortunately some cattle
with RFM completely confi ned to the uterus may retain
the membranes for a longer time because of cervical closure
or antibiotic treatments, and only pass the RFM after
the fi rst estrus. These cows may become quite ill because
of secondary metritis and retention of fetid fl uid but go
undetected initially because of a minimum of discharge
and odor.
Clinical debate is sparked when the signifi cance of RFM
in dairy cattle is discussed. Because only a small percentage
of cattle with RFM become ill and because numerous studies
show that the subsequent fertility of cattle allowed to
discharge RFM spontaneously is largely unaffected, why
should veterinarians ever consider treating a cow with
RFM? A frequently quoted reference from 1932 that details
the subsequent fertility of 44 cows with untreated RFM
compared with 44 herdmates without RFM showed no
difference in subsequent fertility. Many other studies have
since proven that manual removal of RFM is not only unnecessary
but may be harmful. Although accepting these
data as regards the simple issue of RFM, the studies tend to
ignore the effects of the condition on the overall wellbeing
of the cows with RFM. For example, in Palmer’s 1932
article, only 31.8% of cattle with RFM had normal appetites
for the 7 weeks following calving and only 29.5% had
“good” milk production. It seems that these data support
the observations of owners of cattle with RFM who believe
that complete therapeutic disregard for cattle with RFM
can lead to disaster. This is particularly true for obese cows
with RFM. Reduced appetites leading to metabolic diseases
or abomasal displacement are a defi nite problem in many
cows with RFM that develop moderate or severe metritis.
Even though the primary problem of RFM can clearly resolve
itself naturally given time, the potential for associated
and secondary problems exists, and “doing nothing”
is often perceived as a potential economic gamble by owners
of the modern high-producing dairy cow.
Treatment
A fascinating historical summation of treatment for RFM
in cattle involving thousands of patients treated over
several decades by the Ambulatory Clinic of the New
York State Veterinary College is detailed in Roberts’ text.作者: htz 時間: 2010-5-29 15:21
A summary of these data would suggest that less invasive,
less manipulative treatments in association with
intrauterine or systemic antibiotics (as indicated by the
individual patient’s need and degree of metritis) progressively
lessened the mortality rate for cattle with RFM.
Cattle that resolve RFM and cycle normally should have
fertility rates comparable with unaffected herdmates
when breeding is begun at 90 days but may require adjunctive
therapy in herds that begin breeding at 50 to
60 days as is common today.
Decisions to treat RFM may be based on medical need
when metritis or other illnesses coexist or for the purpose
of prophylaxis against metritis and associated problems.
Some practitioners and owners take a “wait and see” attitude
to avoid antibiotic concerns or unnecessary treatment
whenever possible. Others who have herds that
historically have a high incidence of metritis, ketosis, or
abomasal displacement secondary to RFM tend to intervene
prophylactically and therapeutically. Cattle that had
dystocia, twinning, induced parturition, obesity, hepatic
lipidosis, and RFM should be considered at high risk for
metritis and probably justify prophylactic therapy. It is
likely that the greatest benefi ts will accrue when measures
are taken to improve management of cows in late gestation,
rather than focus attention on cows actually suffering
from RFM.
Treatment options include:
1. Do nothing—this course of action can be used
when the affected cow appears completely healthy
otherwise. Routine prebreeding reproductive
exams can dictate the need for hormonal or
antibiotic therapy following discharge of the
membranes.
2. Administer systemic antibiotics prophylactically—
usually ceftiofur (2.2 mg/kg once daily) is chosen to
lessen milk withholding concerns. Treatment is
started as soon as the RFM are judged pathologic
(12 or 24 hours) and continued daily for 3 to 7 days
or until the membranes separate. Systemic antibiotics
immediately postpartum have a lesser economic
impact because milk often is discarded during this
time and penicillin could be used, but continued or
long-term therapy can have signifi cant economic
impact because of drug costs and lost milk. Cows
with high risk for metritis, e.g., overweight cows with
RFM and suspected hepatic lipidosis, should be
treated prophylactically with antibiotics and oxytocin
in the immediate postpartum period. Although
oxytocin does not promote release of membranes
(indeed, cows with RFM have increased uterine tone
relative to unaffected herd mates), evacuation of the
uterus is a desirable consequence of treatment.
3. Administer intrauterine antibiotics
prophylactically—usually tetracycline, ceftiofur, or
penicillin is administered once daily or once every
other day until the placenta falls away. In each case作者: htz 時間: 2010-5-29 15:22
this represents extra-label drug use and the treatment
has not been found to improve subsequent
fertility. Tetracyclines may delay release of the placenta
by inhibiting local metalloproteinases that
play an important role in placental release. Catheter
infusion of recently postpartum (1 week) cattle is
contraindicated—especially when performed by
laypeople—because perforation of the cranial vagina
or uterine body is an all-too-common sequela
when the reproductive tract is too heavy to retract.
4. Combination of techniques 2 and 3.
5. Manual removal of RFM—this technique is no longer
favored. More harm than good may come from
manual attempts to remove RFM that are still fi rmly
adhered to maternal caruncles, and further injury or
irritation to the uterine endometrium can occur in
badly infected or traumatized uteri. If the placenta
is not easily removed with minimal tension, any
further attempt to remove it manually should be
abandoned. Some owners still request removal
of RFM, and veterinarians must be emphatic that
the procedure is not wise in most instances, lest
the removal cause more subsequent damage than
the existing condition.
6. Treatment of RFM complicated by metritis—see the
section discussing metritis because all therapeutic
decisions are based on resolution of that disease.
7. Hormonal treatment of retained placenta—oxytocin,
prostaglandins, and estrogens have been proposed
in varying dosages and times of administration to
prevent or cause more rapid expulsion of RFM.
There is little, if any, evidence that these treatments
have any effect. In our hospital, oxytocin (5 U IM
every 2 to 4 hours) is given for metritis and/or RFM
5 days duration in an attempt to decrease the volume
of septic fl uid in the uterus.
8. RFM protruding outside the vulva should be placed
in a clean plastic bag (rectal sleeve) so gross contamination
of the udder does not occur from the
RFM. Although many practitioners prefer not to
trim the protruding membranes in the belief that
the weight of the dependent membranes speeds detachment,
there is little supporting evidence for this
view. Indeed, fetal membranes left intact at cesarean
surgery are usually expelled spontaneously within a
few days.作者: cgz880112 時間: 2010-6-7 08:41
補充小蘇打可以嗎作者: as1985323123 時間: 2010-6-7 09:36
如同各位所說的 大多數都是這樣的 大同小異作者: 王作鵬 時間: 2010-7-9 10:36
胎衣不下這莫多，是流產牛多吧？作者: wangjq888 時間: 2010-7-9 14:24
胎衣不下，也跟激素水平有關的，產前三個月要注射三次維生素AD、E隔一個月注射一次！不過這只是廣東地區奶牛場的方法了，不知其他地方怎么樣作者: lyaodong 時間: 2010-7-9 17:33
不排除微量元素維生素的缺乏，產前VE+硒組合可以降低胎衣不義的發生幾率。作者: 159656421131 時間: 2010-8-16 20:45
胎衣不下，大同小異作者: k-fish 時間: 2010-8-17 21:04
缺鈣和蛋白質水平過高也是原因吧 在圍產前期飼喂苜蓿胎衣不下率明顯高于不飼喂作者: 沈陽禾豐反芻 時間: 2010-8-17 22:06
低血鈣 子宮炎 運動量不足 流產 早產 碳水化合物采食量不足 酮病 維生素E 缺乏 產前高鈣日糧 都可造成 胎衣停滯作者: Karl 時間: 2010-9-2 19:50
礦物質缺乏， 運動不足， 粗暴助產， 產后應激（大多是對奶牛施暴）作者: ailin99 時間: 2010-9-3 13:31
熱應激和圍產期低血鈣很容易造成胎衣不下作者: as1985323123 時間: 2010-10-2 10:30
原因比較多。一般是飼料，應激，體質差的，過于肥的。作者: langhun74 時間: 2010-10-12 10:53 回復 33#Karl [/b
對奶牛施暴.........................作者: asiazhang1980 時間: 2010-10-12 12:54 回復 25#cgz880112