如何更好地管理妊娠母豬欄（上）

畜牧人小李 · 發(fā)表于 2019-4-2 11:19:10

How to make sure that all aspects of breeding are performed at an optimal level. Danish breeding company DanBred composed a 6-chapter manual in which every aspect, from quarantine to post-farrowing is described in detail. To give an idea, Pig Progress presents 1 chapter of the manual: gestation management.

丹麥育種公司丹育（DanBred）編寫了一本育種手冊(cè)，共有六章，涵蓋了從檢疫到分娩的方方面面，以期讓育種的每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)發(fā)揮最佳作用。本文選取了其中一章以作介紹：妊娠管理。

During gestation it is important that the sows’ nutrient requirements for foetus production, restoration of body condition and udder growth are met through balanced feeding. The goal is to make sure the sows achieve an optimum body condition, so they are in good shape for farrowing and the nursing period that follows. And to achieve this, it may be necessary to adjust individual feed rations for sows which are either too thin or too fat.

在妊娠期間，很重要的一點(diǎn)是，通過均衡飲食滿足母豬對(duì)胎兒生產(chǎn)、身體狀況恢復(fù)和乳房生長(zhǎng)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求。目的是確保母豬擁有最佳體況，從而在分娩及后續(xù)哺乳期處于良好狀況。為了達(dá)到這一目標(biāo)，可能有必要針對(duì)個(gè)別過瘦或過胖的母豬調(diào)整其飼料比例。

5 days after mating, the implantation period starts. Lasting between 3 and 4 weeks, this is when the fertilised eggs form the placenta and it has an enormous impact on the litter size. Because of this, sows and gilts should not be moved around, re-grouped or be exposed to anything that could be stressful during the first 4 weeks after mating, as this could result in smaller litters.

交配5天后，著床期開始。持續(xù)3-4周，期間受精卵形成胎盤，這對(duì)窩產(chǎn)仔數(shù)有重大影響。因此，在交配后的前四周內(nèi)，不該讓母豬和后備母豬四處走動(dòng)、重新混群或者接觸任何可能造成應(yīng)激的東西，這些可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致窩產(chǎn)仔數(shù)減少。

It is a good idea to put sows and gilts into a vaccination programme, made in collaboration with the herd veterinarian, to reduce the risk of reproductive diseases spreading through the herd.

把母豬及后備母豬納入與獸醫(yī)合作制定的疫苗接種計(jì)劃是一個(gè)減少生殖疾病在豬群中傳播風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的好主意。

Both with and without dietary fibres in the gestation feed, it can be an advantage to provide straw on the side in order to ensure full and calm sows. Photo: DanBred

妊娠飼料中不管有沒有添加膳食纖維，在豬舍一旁提供稻草都有好處，可以讓母豬飽腹并保持平靜。

Everyday tasks in the gestation unit include:

· The inspection of all animals at least once a day to check for any signs of disease;

· Between 4 and 6 weeks after mating, all sows and gilts should be tested for pregnancy.

妊娠欄的日常工作：

每天至少對(duì)所有豬進(jìn)行一次檢查，查看是否有任何疾病跡象；

配種后4-6周，所有母豬及后備母豬都應(yīng)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)孕。

Figure 1 – Scaling of sows.

圖1—母豬身材比例

Gestation control

妊娠控制

Regular testing of all mated animals for pregnancy presents an insight into the overall fertility of the herd. And because of that, it is possible to quickly identify empty sows which can be mated again, or culled, regular pregnancy testing will reduce the overall number of non-productive days.

定期對(duì)所有已配種的母豬進(jìn)行懷孕測(cè)試，可以了解整個(gè)豬群的生育能力。正因?yàn)槿绱?，才有可能迅速判斷可以再次配種或淘汰的空懷母豬，定期驗(yàn)孕可以減少總體非生產(chǎn)天數(shù)。

It is a good idea to heat control the sows with a teaser boar every day from day 19 to day 28 after mating. Some sows experience a prolonged return interval, so it is important to do heat control for a few more days. It is best to carry out heat control during a quiet time of the day using an experienced and active boar – and if possible, using different boars.

配種后19-28天，利用性成熟公豬誘導(dǎo)母豬發(fā)情是個(gè)好方法。有些母豬返情時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)，因此多花幾天進(jìn)行公豬誘情很重要。公豬誘情最好在一天中安靜的時(shí)候進(jìn)行，使用經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富、精力精力充沛的公豬，如果可能的話，還可以用不同的公豬。

Pregnancy control, carried out with an ultrasound scanner, will have to start on day 28 until day 42. It is vital to make sure every single sow is scanned.

從第28天開始至第42天，應(yīng)用超聲波掃描儀進(jìn)行妊娠檢查，至關(guān)重要的一點(diǎn)是確保每頭母豬都進(jìn)行了B超檢測(cè)。

Adjusting feed in the gestation unit is highly dependent on the feed systems, however feed curves and routines should be similar regardless of system. Photo: DanBred

妊娠欄的飼料調(diào)節(jié)取決于飼喂系統(tǒng)，但無(wú)論哪種系統(tǒng)，飼料曲線及程序都是相似的。

When there is any doubt about the result of a scan, it is a good idea to mark the sow, in order to scan her again within a week. Should the sow remain empty, the animal has to be marked and moved to the mating unit – or be prepared for culling.

如果掃描結(jié)果有任何問題，最好在這頭豬身上做標(biāo)記，以便在一周內(nèi)進(jìn)行復(fù)查。如果仍是空懷狀態(tài)，應(yīng)該做好標(biāo)記并轉(zhuǎn)到配種欄，或準(zhǔn)備淘汰。

Pregnancy control is an important part of the herd operation – and so are due care and proper registration of the results. It is the best way of finding and eliminating the cause of mistakes and hidden diseases.

妊娠檢測(cè)是豬群管理中的重要環(huán)節(jié)，適當(dāng)?shù)淖o(hù)理以及對(duì)結(jié)果做恰當(dāng)?shù)牡怯浺埠苤匾?。這是發(fā)現(xiàn)并消除差錯(cuò)或隱疾的根源的最好辦法。

Figure 2 – Feed curves for sows during gestation.

圖2—妊娠期母豬飼料曲線