天天翻譯：譯摘要，得論壇幣，長英語

中國西翁

規則如下：
要翻譯的原始文獻或摘要自行選擇，翻譯文章在此帖后面跟帖即可（內容或摘要都可以）
!!!!（要附原文）
為了方便一些手頭沒有外文資料的朋友進行翻譯，我每周會貼上去5篇左右的外文摘要，以供這些愛好者翻譯。

眾所周知，翻譯原始文獻對提高專業英文水平極有幫助，我個人當初入門時，可算艱苦，咬牙堅持了一個來月，翻譯了一本書（英文共100多頁），專業英語從此有了很大的突破！看行為福利的外文文章已很少用詞典了呵呵。

目的：提高大家專業外語水平，同時為更多畜牧人帶來知識：翻譯國外一流雜志上的原文或摘要。

要求：

（1）文章需來源于畜牧行業有影響力的雜志

（2）翻譯的字數不少于200字的中文字符。

（3）可以二次加工文獻，如你若看到某些文章在某些地方已被部分翻譯成中文，你可以進一步加工一下，這也算你的原創，但不能完全一樣，如Science, Nature經常自身雜志會出來摘要的。二次加工的字數不低于100個字。

（4）文章出版時間：最近幾年內出版的雜志或文章。格式：原文：XXXXX（英文題目),  XXXX（作者）. XXXXX（期刊名稱，卷，期，頁碼），要翻譯的內容。 中文：相對應的中文內容 。要翻譯的內容可以從雜志上直接copy即可。翻譯人：XXX（論壇ID或真名）原始文獻（可以上傳PDF文件，但此條不限制，可以不必上傳）

獎勵：每翻譯一篇獎勵論壇幣100個（相當于在論壇內發表10篇文章），翻譯更豐富的獎勵論壇幣120個，優秀者獎勵130-200個金幣。如果有重復，以先發布者為準。

周期：天天翻譯，此帖長期有效，本人會積極發帖以掙取足夠的論壇幣來支付大家的。獎勵則是每周集中獎勵一次。

歡迎大家積極參與！
——-——————————————————————————————————————
獎勵目錄：huiseren(100論壇幣）huiseren(100論壇幣）answh (暫50論壇幣)  ys0190 (200論壇幣) juley(論壇幣110)

[ 本帖最后由 中國西翁 于 2007-6-18 20:03 編輯 ]

中國西翁

望管理員把此帖設為置頂帖，呵呵如有可能設為總置頂一段時間那就更好了，讓更多人知道參與！;1s: 沒人參與可:L

朱良

同意２樓的觀點！
頂一下！

Gerrard

樓主要是有好的英文資料，趕緊貼上來吧

中國西翁

紅色題目表示已有牧友翻譯過
1. FEEDING BEHAVIOUR – MORE THAN MEETS THE MOUTH  作者B.L. Nielsen
    One of the easiest ways to get an animal to do something is through feeding. Feeding
behaviour is the effort of an animal to fulfi l one of its most basic needs. It links the
discipl ines of nutrition and ethology, and covers a broad spectrum of behavioural
studies from intricate measures of bite size in rats to binocular observations of foraging in wild ungulates. We sometimes fi nd it diffi cult to distinguish between exploratory and foraging behaviour, as the latter traditionally comprises both appetitive and consummatory phases. Different species display fascinating temporal patterns in their feeding behaviour from  animals managing without food for extended periods to animals that need to eat
every few hours. Feeding behaviour also contains such diverse aspects as rumination,
coprophagy,and contra-free loading; there are changes over time due to the
experience, maturity and size of the animal, as well as seasonal changes.
      The study of feeding behaviour has given rise to a vast body of literature. Some are
concerned with the concepts of hunger and satiety, whereas others deal with feeding
behaviour in much broader terms, such as daily food intake. Short-term feeding
behaviour lies in this overlap. Short-term feeding behaviour encompasses the
`what to eat` and the `when to eat`, and spans from bite and mouthful over feeder
visit to meals and daily food intake. The intricate correlations and dependencies between
the various measures of short-term feeding behaviour in the way in which an animal
obtain its daily food intake will be discussed. This will demonstrate how feeding behaviour is a very important tool in understanding the relative importance of food intake, social
constraint and behavioural synchrony of a group. Examples will be given of how
ethologists and nutritionists can utilise the otherwise hidden information, that studies of
feeding behaviour can reveal.

2.THE FUNCTION OF SOCIALLY FACILITATED FEEDING作者A. Lundberg 等
Hypotheses of the function of social facilitation include local resource competition,
learning about new food and increasing group synchronisation. To distinguish among
these hypotheses, information about the proximate causal factors involved is required.
In a series of four experiments we studied social facilitation and feeding in hens. Factors
investigated were (1) pecking intensity and food consumed by the stimulus bird by
altering the food deprivation time between 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours, (2) feeding motivation of the test bird by depriving the test bird for 0, 1, 6 or 12 hours, (3) whether food was novel in combination with differences in familiarity and rank of the stimulus bird and
(4) the novelty of food and whether stimulus bird were feeding. None of the different
deprivation treatments in experiments 1 and 2 affected social facilitation and no effects
of rank or familiarity of the stimulus bird was found. In experiment 3, testing novel food, test birds ate more of novel than familiar food (P=0.004). But in experiment 4, test birds ate more familiar than novel food (P=0.015) and in addition test birds ate more when
stimulus birds were feeding compared to standing (P=0.034), implying social facilitation.
In conclusion, social facilitation was only found in one experiment and the hypothesis
that social facilitation is caused by local resource competition or that the function is to
learn about new food resources can not be fully supported. Since social facilitation was
not always found, not even in the basic experimental setup designed to trigger social
facilitation, we also propose that social facilitation is not as clear a phenomenon as is
often proposed.

3.Social rank and feeding behaviour of group-housed sows fed competitively
or ad libitum 作者：F. Brouns*, S.A. Edwards
    來自：Applied Animal Behaviour Science 39 (1994) 225-235
A restricted feeding regimen is adopted in commercial practice to maintain an
almost constant body-condition of the sow throughout the reproductive cycle.
Depending on the manner of distribution of this limited amount of food between
sows in a group-housing situation, competition can result in unequal distribution
of food and loss of condition of low-ranking sows (Brouns and Edwards, 1992 ).
This kind of competition is likely to occur in feeding systems where the food is
distributed once or twice daily on the floor (floor-feeding) and is aggravated by
a low feeding level (McBride et al., 1964; Baxter, 1983 ). A conventional diet is
concentrated in nutrients and although it is sufficient for good health and performance,
it might not fulfil other needs of the sow, since the small amount of
food is unlikely to give a feeling of satiety (Lawrence et al., 1988 ). Provision of
a diet ad libitum should, in theory, obviate the need for competition and eliminate
negative consequences for low-ranking sows.

4. Behaviour of pigs with viral and bacterial pneumonia
   (具有病毒性或細菌性肺炎的豬的行為）
       作者：Jeffery Escobar, William G. Van Alstine, 等
       來自：Applied Animal Behaviour Science Volume 105, Issues 1-3,
Abstract
The behavioural response to infection is well organized and may enhance disease
resistance and facilitate recovery, but the behaviour of pigs with an acute respiratory
infection has not been assessed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate
behaviour of pigs inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh) and porcine
reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Sixty-four pigs were subjected
to one of four treatment combinations (2 × 2 factorial) of Mh (inoculated at 4 weeks of
age) and PRRSV (inoculated at 6 weeks of age). The four treatments were (1) control, (2) inoculation with Mh, (3) inoculation with PRRSV, and (4) inoculation with both Mh
and PRRSV. One-half of the pigs from each treatment were killed 7 days after PRRSV
inoculation for purposes unrelated to this study and hence were not used for
behavioural analysis. Pigs that were included were video recorded during the 18 h light
phase for 13 days beginning the day of PRRSV inoculation. Food intake and time spent
feeding,active (standing, including walking, sitting, or feeding) and lying were
determined. When pigs were lying a determination was made as to whether they were
lying ventrally or laterally, and in contact with a penmate. Body temperature was
measured 7 and 14
days after PRRSV inoculation. After inoculation with PRRSV, there was no significant
main effect of Mh or interaction between Mh and PRRSV for food intake, body
temperature, or any behaviour measured. Thus, the four treatments were pooled to
form two treatments designated PRRSV negative (control and Mh; PRRSV−) and
PRRSV positive (PRRSV and Mh with PRRSV; PRRSV+) and analyzed. Each day after
PRRSV inoculation, PRRSV+ pigs spent less time (P = 0.005) feeding compared to
PRRSV− pigs, and the decrease in feeding time was associated with a decrease in food
intake (P < 0.001). PRRSV+ pigs decreased (P < 0.001) activity after inoculation with
PRRSV compared to PRRSV&#8722; pigs and the amount of time spent lying was greater
(P < 0.001) in PRRSV+ pigs compared to PRRSV&#8722; pigs. Furthermore, PRRSV+ pigs
spent more of their total lying time in a ventral position (P = 0.06) and in contact with
a penmate (P < 0.001) compared to PRRSV&#8722; pigs. Body temperature was increased
(P < 0.001) in PRRSV+ pigs 7 days after PRRSV inoculation. Since sickness behaviour
and fever are adaptive responses to infection, these data indicate that pigs with an
acute PRRSV infection evoke a behavioural strategy that may support recovery.




有興趣的人可以翻譯一下，當然選出一段翻譯也行，呵呵只要滿足我們200字的要求。

[ 本帖最后由 中國西翁 于 2007-6-2 19:06 編輯 ]

中國西翁

原帖由 Gerrard 于 2007-5-31 16:35 發表
樓主要是有好的英文資料，趕緊貼上來吧

呵呵，我手頭上都是行為和福利的英文資料，大家還是翻譯自己熟悉的專業比較好

dnaxy

呵呵，鼎力支持。

小農民

哈哈，這個太難了，我來不了。
如果需要論壇幣，我可以提供！！

huiseren

第一篇，我來試一下，高手修改，有些句子比較難
讓一個動物去做什么事情的最簡單的方法之一就是通過誘食，動物通過采食來獲得絕大部分的能量需要。它關聯著營養和生理兩方面的理論，對采食行為的研究覆蓋了從復雜的小型嚙齒類動物到野生的有蹄動物。我們有時候發現很難把探查和覓食區分開來。后來習慣上就把有食欲和身體的消耗兩者都包含在內。同人為飼養管理的，每幾小時吃一次食物的動物相比，對于在自然界長期覓食的動物，不同的物種都表現出強烈的覓食欲望。采食行為也包括了特殊的行為，如反芻，食糞性，和食物填充，這些變化都是外界環境條件適應的結果，隨著動物體格的大小，或者季節的變化。
對采食行為的研究大大拓寬了了對機體的研究。一些研究把它和飽感和饑餓感聯系在一起，另外的則通過其他的一些方法，如計算日采食量，短期飼喂等。短期飼喂就包含了“飼喂什么”和“什么時候飼喂”兩方面的問題。以及采食速度和日采食量等。本文對不同措施的短期飼喂方法對動物采食量的影響進行討論，本文舉例說明為何了在理解采食食物,社會約束和群體行為同步化的相對重要性上采食行為是非常重要的一種工具 本文舉例說明了個體生態學家和營養學家如何利用一些潛在的隱藏信息來揭示動物采食行為的機理。
有些句子看不懂，比如
The intricate correlations and dependencies        between   
the various measures of short-term feeding behaviour in the way in which an animal
obtain its daily food intake will be discussed.
我在between后尋找and就沒有看到。水平有限為了鍛煉自己，請高手批評指正

[ 本帖最后由 huiseren 于 2007-6-1 13:03 編輯 ]

中國西翁

huiseren翻譯的很不錯哦，都是行為學詞匯，挺難為你的呵呵，謝謝

這里談不上修改，只能說是互相交流。
and covers a broad spectrum of behavioural studies from intricate
measures of bite size in rats to binocular observations of foraging in
wild ungulates.
采食行為的研究覆蓋了從小鼠一口量(bite size)的復雜測量到通過望遠鏡對野生
有蹄動物覓食行為的觀察。
as the latter traditionally comprises both appetitive and consummatory
phases.
后者(foraging behaviour)一般包括兩部分即尋找和采食
Different species display fascinating temporal patterns in their
feeding behaviour from animals managing without food for extended
periods to animals that need to eat every few hours.
不同物種采食行為是各不相同的，有些動物可以忍受很長時間不攝入食物，而有
些動物每隔幾小時就需要進食。
Feeding behaviour also contains such diverse aspects as rumination,
coprophagy, and contra-free loading; there are changes over time due to
the experience, maturity and size of the animal, as well as seasonal
changes.
contra-free loading：用英語解釋就是in that they have a tendency
to work for food rather than accept ‘free’ food from a feeder ，就是
說寧愿尋找食物而不吃現成的。后半句為：采食行為是隨時間而變化的，因為隨
著時間不同動物的經驗也不同，同時它也是隨著動物的成熟和大小而變化的，當
然也隨著季節的變化而變化。
The study of feeding behaviour has given rise to a vast body of
literature.這句話的意思應該是說關于采食行為研究相關報道非常之多。
The intricate correlations and dependencies between the various
measures of short-term feeding behaviour in the way in which an animal
obtain its daily food intake will be discussed
關于動物獲得日食物量的短期采食行為的各種測量間的復雜關系將被討論。
This will demonstrate how feeding behaviour is a very important tool in
understanding the relative importance of food intake, social constraint
and behavioural synchrony of a group. 這句話你翻譯的很好啊，behavioural
synchrony of a group群體行為同步化，很好。
Examples will be given of how ethologists and nutritionists can utilise
the otherwise hidden information, that studies of feeding behaviour can
reveal.
關于生態學家和營養學家如何利用另一類的隱藏信息的例子將在這里舉出來。而
這些可以通過研究采食行為而得以證明。

呵呵相互學習，不正之處望指正！