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Estimating Water Usage on Michigan Swine Farms 美國密歇根豬場用水量計算 JerryMay Michigan State University Extension EstimatingWater Used by Swine Farms in Michigan 密歇根豬場用水量估算 Swine farms use well water for wateringanimals, cleaning facilities, animal cooling and in some instances for movingmanure from the barn to the storage structure. Most pigs are raised in an all-in/all-out environments where one groupof pigs, at the same stage of production, is moved into a location and staysthere until that group is ready to move to the next location or on toslaughter. Between groups the facilityis thoroughly cleaned by pre-soaking and/or pressure washing. In the summer, during periods of extremeheat, pigs may be cooled by using drippers which emit small drops of waterperiodically on the animals back, or by misters giving off a small mist ofwater intermittently to cool the room. Some farms use well water to flush manure from the barn to the manurestorage structure, but this practice is not very widespread in Michigan and thereforethat water was not considered in these calculations. 豬場用水主要用于豬飲水，清洗豬舍，豬只降溫還有糞便從豬舍轉移到化糞池用水（水泡糞）。大多數的豬群都飼養在一個全進全出的環境中，同一批次的豬，處于同一飼養階段，同時轉移到一個地點，然后同時等待轉移到下一地點或等待屠宰淘汰。在兩個批次的豬轉出轉入之間，豬舍設備要經過預浸泡和高壓沖洗。 尤其在夏季非常炎熱時期，還需要加濕器在豬的背部上方間歇性的噴灑小水滴，或者向空氣中噴霧降溫（大多采用水簾）。很多豬場都采用用水沖洗糞便到化糞池，但是在密歇根地區還不是很普及，所以在本文中沒有考慮進去。 Table 1 provides the estimateddaily water consumption by pigs of various sizes. The range in daily water consumption withineach stage of production is dependant on temperature and water conservationpractices on the farm. For this examplethe average of the range will be used to estimate daily water use. 表1提供了不同生長階段豬的用水量，不同數值的區間范圍依賴于環境溫度和豬場的節水措施，這些數據可以為每天用水作為參考。 Table 1: Water requirements of pigs1 | Animal type | L/頭/天 | Animal type | L/頭/天 | | | Finishing pig (100 – 250# BW) | | Nursery pig (up to 60# BW) | | | | Growing pig (60 – 100# BW) | | | | | | | |
1Swine Care Handbook Michigan’s averagedaily and annual water consumption for pigs at various stages of production isprovided in Table 2. The Hog & Piginventory information is from the 2002-2003Michigan Agriculture Statistics (NASS). Hog and pig inventories fluctuate from Quarter to Quarter, therefore the2002 April 1, June1, September1, and December 1 inventories were averaged toreport the 2002 numbers. The gallon perhead per day is the average of the figures provided in Table 1. 表2是每天和每年度的豬平均用水量，生豬庫存信息來源于2002-2003NASS，庫 存信息主要從第一季度到第四季度，因此取2002年4月1日，6月1日，9月1日 12月1日的數據，每頭豬日用水量取表1的平均值。 Table2: Direct water use - Drinking | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total Annual Water for Animal Drinking | | |
It was more difficult to estimate theindirect water use on swine farms. Thereis no reported information on which farms use which practice and the amount ofwater consumed by each practice. Table 3Indirect Water Use – Cleaning and Table 4 Indirect Water Use - Coolingwere developed using estimates from individuals working in the field. It was estimated that about two thirds of thepigs reared in Michigan reside on farms that regularly clean the farmsfacilities, the remainder of the pigs may reside in pasture or beddedsituations where cleaning facilities with water is impractical. Therefore thenumber of head or litters was multiplied by 67% in determining total water use. 實際上很難估算每個豬場用水量，沒有詳細的每個豬場采用何種飼養方式和每個飼養方式的用水量。表3-沖洗用水，表4-降溫用水。有2/的豬場會定期的沖洗豬舍，剩下的可能飼養在牧區或發酵床上，不能用水清洗。因此清洗用水的數據在總用水量基礎上乘以0.67. Table 3: Indirect water use - Cleaning Table 4: Indirect water use - Cooling In Michiganlarger swine farms may have up 2,500 sows at one location, or up to 4,000finishing animals at one location. Michigan has farms thatcontrol more animals but the 2,500 sows and 4,000 finishing animals thresholdrepresents the upper ranges of animals at one location being provided waterfrom one water system. Using the figuresin Tables 2, 3, and 4 one may estimate that a location with 2,500 sows will use4.84 million gallons of water annually (13,262 gallons per day), and a 4,000head finishing location would use 5.13 million gallons of water annually(14,055 gallons per day). 在大型豬場里面一個地點會有2500頭母豬，或者4000頭生長育肥豬。雖然這個地區有很多豬，但是一個供水系統最大的飼養量就是2500頭母豬，或者4000頭生長育肥豬。利用表2.，3，4的數據就會算出這些豬每天，以及每年的用水量。 Because of the swine industry structure,where large farms contract with other farms for growing pigs, it is estimatedthat there are no swine farms in Michigan that individually consume more than100,000 gallons of water per day. 由于采用兩點以上的飼養模式，所以沒有哪個豬場會每天使用超過380噸的水。 In Michigan,the estimated annual water used by swine farms is 899.39 million gallons. The water used for cooling is at low rates,on hot days when buildings are being well ventilated, therefore all of thecooling water should be considered as evaporative (consumptive). Very little of the water used for cleaningevaporates, therefore all of the cleaning water should be considered asnon-consumptive. 每年的總用水量是89939 萬加侖。夏季通風較好，降溫用水較少。沖洗用水基本沒有蒸發。 Market hogs are approximately 50% water(Tri-State Swine Nutrition Guide). The2000 PigChamp Benchmarking publication reports that in year 2000 Michigan’s sowherd had a 47% replacement rate (sows that are sold and replaced with youngergilts) (PigChamp). Michigan Agriculture Statistical Services (NASS) shows thatin 2002 Michiganmarketed 2.03 million head of hogs with a total weight of 522.9 millionpounds. Using the PigChamp culling rateand the 2002 sow inventory, one may calculate that in 2002 there were 50,000sows culled weighing approximately 17.60 million pounds and containing 1.1million gallons water. Subtracting thecull sow sales from the total 2002 hogs sales indicates that Michigan’s hogproducers sold 1.98 million market hogs weighing approximately 505.3 millionpounds 2002 (31.58 million gallons water). Table 5 provides the total consumptive/non-consumptive water use in Michigan. Table5: Consumptive water use | Water use | | | | | | | | Maintaining Breeding Herd | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
3Million Gallons
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