保持斷奶時大窩的仔豬的生長性能(1)

牧童

The following technical article is related to the event:
Pig Farmer´s Conference 2014

Maintaining Growth in pigs weaned from Large Litters

Published on: 3/1/2015

Author/s : Peadar Lawlor, Shane Brady and Seamas Clarke, Teagasc

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保持斷奶時大窩的仔豬的生長性能

(1)

Summary

Larger litters are resulting in lighter and more variable birth and weaning weights in pigs which will make it even more difficult than before to achieve high intake and growth immediately post-weaning. To overcome the “growth lag” normally experienced at weaning, intake of feed and water should be targeted at levels achieved prior to weaning. Increasing weaning age particularly above 3 weeks will increase growth performance and improve piglet health and targeting increased piglet birth weight will increase post-weaning growth and lifetime performance. Post-weaning diets should contain milk by-products, the most important of which is dried whey, as a source of lactose. It is not necessary to cook cereals for inclusion in post-weaning diets but cereals should be well screened and clean. Acids, prebiotics and probiotics can be effective alternatives to antibiotics in weaned pig diets but the response from their use may not be as predictable as that from conventional antibiotic use. Good quality starter and link diets are necessary for weaned pigs; however, the levels used should be geared towards pig weaning weight, health and the optimization of lifetime growth. We have not found liquid feeding of weaned pigs to increase growth rate but rather to increase feed wastage and reduce piglet growth. However, feeding milk replacer for a short period after weaning can greatly increase piglet growth and gastrointestinal health.

總結

大窩可導致仔豬初生重和斷奶重平均數較小而變異較大，這會使它斷奶后采食量和日增重更難以表現較高性能。在斷奶后為了克服“生長滯后”，飼料和水的攝入量應達到斷奶前水平。增加斷奶日齡到3周以上可提高生長性能，改善仔豬健康，提高仔豬出生重可以提高仔豬斷奶后生長和終生生產性能。斷奶后日糧應包括乳副產品，其中最關鍵的是要以乳清粉、乳糖作為來源。不需要加工處理仔豬日糧使用的谷物，但是谷物應該要很好的篩選和清潔。在仔豬日糧中使用酸，益生元和益生菌可有效代替抗生素，但是來自豬場的反應并不像傳統的抗生素那樣可以預測。教槽料和過渡料的良好品質對于斷奶仔豬是非常必要的;然而，使用水平應著眼于豬斷奶體重、健康和生長期的優化。我們還沒有發現液體飼料可以提高斷奶仔豬生長速度，而是發現提高飼料浪費，降低了仔豬生長速度。然而，斷奶后短期內使用代乳料，可以巨大地提高斷奶仔豬的生長性能和腸胃健康。

Introduction

Weaning is arguably the most stressful period in the pig’s life. At weaning the pig is removed from the sow where it has had access to ~20 small feeds of sow’s milk each day. It is removed to unfamiliar surroundings and mixed with strange pigs in pens where the only available food is predominantly vegetable in origin and generally fed in dry form. It is hardly surprising that with such social and nutritional stress the pig generally suffers a growth check in the immediate post-weaning period.

介紹

斷奶在豬一生中可以算得上應激最大的時期。在斷奶時，仔豬離開母豬，斷奶前它可以每天從母豬那里獲取20次母豬奶的飼喂。它被遷到陌生的環境，與圈中的陌生豬混合，其中唯一可用的食物主要是來源于植物的飼料，并且一般以干混合的形式飼喂。在這樣的社會和營養的雙重激下，仔豬斷奶后短期內生長性能抑制，就不足為奇了。

Irish sows now produce 1.7 more live born pigs per litter than they did 10 years ago and increases are likely to continue. However, large litters bring problems, with lighter piglets born and weaned, and greater within-litter variation in piglet birth and weaning weight. This is particularly important since birth weight has a huge influence on lifetime pig growth. We have always had a challenge to maintain pre-weaning growth rates in the early post-weaning period and this challenge is now even greater. Overcoming this post-weaning growth check will reduce mortality, increase lifetime growth and reduce the time needed to bring pigs to their target slaughter weight. Now is an opportune time to take stock of what we have learned about good post-weaning management and nutrition practices with this goal in mind.

目前，愛爾蘭母豬每窩出生的豬只比10年前多1.7，這種趨勢很可能會繼續增長。然而，大窩不僅帶來出生仔豬和斷奶仔豬體重較輕的問題，而且同窩內仔豬初生重和斷奶重的變異更大。這是特別重要的，因為初生體重對豬一生的生長性能影響巨大。在斷奶初期保持斷奶前增長率的問題一直在向我們挑戰，目前這個挑戰更大。克服斷奶后生長抑制可減少死亡率，提高生命期生長性能，減少豬長到屠宰目標體重所需要的時間。現在我們應該考慮關于仔豬斷奶后管理和營養實踐的已有知識。  

1. Weaning age

Typically in Ireland pigs are weaned at ~26 days of age. Earlier weaning could increase sow productivity due to increased litters per sow per year. However, this can lead to greater health/mortality problems, and feed costs will increase as pigs are introduced to more expensive diets earlier. Leliveld et al. (2013) investigated the effect of weaning age (3, 4 and 5 weeks) on the growth performance of pigs up to 10 weeks of age. With each one week increase in weaning age, feed intake and growth rate increased and feed conversion improved in the first 2 weeks after weaning. When growth performance was measured to the same chronological age (10 weeks of age) feed intake and growth rate increased with each week increment in weaning age. Five week weaned pigs also had improved feed conversion efficiency compared to those weaned at 3 or 4 weeks (Table 1). Previously it was shown that each 1 day increase in weaning age contributes ~500 g of an increase in weight at 28 days post-weaning (Lawlor et al., 2003a). Older pigs adapt more rapidly to solid diets as their gastrointestinal tract is more developed.

1.斷奶日齡

在愛爾蘭豬斷奶年齡通常在26天。斷奶更早也許可以提高母豬生產力從而增加母豬的年產仔窩數。然而，這可能會導致更大的健康問題和死亡率，飼料成本會由于引入更昂貴的日糧而增加。Leliveld等人（2013）研究了斷奶日齡（3,4和5周）對仔豬10周齡內生長性能的影響。在斷奶后的前2周，隨著斷奶日齡增加，采食量和生長速率都提高，飼料轉化率得到改善。在相同周齡（10周齡）測定仔豬生長性能，隨斷奶日齡的增加，采食量和生長性能都得到提高。比起那些在3或4周（表1）斷奶的仔豬，5周斷奶的仔豬飼料轉化率也得到了改善。先前的研究（勞勒等人，2003年）已表明，斷奶日齡每增加一天，斷奶后28天的仔豬體重就增加500克。成年豬的胃腸道較為發達從而能更快的適應固體飼料。

Mortality between weaning and 10 weeks of age, and faecal E. coli counts at 10 days postweaning were higher in 3 week weaned pigs compared to those weaned at 4 weeks (Leliveld et al., 2013). Higher amounts of undigested feed are found in the gastrointestinal tract of early weaned pigs compared to those weaned later leading to the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine and diarrhoea.

3周齡斷奶的仔豬與4周齡斷奶的仔豬相比，斷奶至10周齡的死亡率，和斷奶后10天的糞中大腸桿菌計數都較高(Leliveld 等, 2013)。 早斷奶的仔豬與遲斷奶的仔豬相比，胃腸道內發現的沒消化的飼料更多，導致腹瀉和病原菌更多。

2. Wean a heavy pig but “Birth weight is king!”

High feed intake and growth rate in the period immediately following weaning is essential if growth rates from weaning to sale are to be maximised. The key to achieving this is to wean heavier pigs. However, a heavy pig at weaning can originate because it was inherently heavier at birth or because, it received preferential management and nutrition during the suckling period. Increasing nutrition and management by creep feeding, offering milk replacer to suckling pigs and reducing litter size were effective in increasing weaning weight by 0.5kg per pig. However, boosting weaning weight in this manner did not influence post-weaning performance and the weight advantage created at weaning disappeared by 14 days postweaning (Lawlor et al., 2002a; Table 2).

2.斷奶重大了好，但是“出生重第一”

如果要使從斷奶到上市的生長速度都被最大化，就必須在斷奶后立即具有高采食量和高增長速度。實現這一目標的關鍵，是豬斷奶重較大。然而，斷奶體重大的仔豬可能是由于它的初生重大，也可能是它在哺乳期得到了更好的管理和營養。加強仔豬營養并且采用漸變過渡式管理，為哺乳仔豬提供代乳料，并且降低窩大小，可以有效地提高每頭豬的斷奶體重0.5千克。然而，以這種方式提高斷奶體重并不影響斷奶后的性能，斷奶時的體重優勢在斷奶后14天就會消失（勞勒等，2002年；表2）.

Table 1. Effect of weaning age on growth performance (Leliveld et al., 2013)

表1.斷奶日齡對仔豬生長性能的影響(Leliveld等, 2013)

表1、斷奶日齡對生長性能的影響（leliveld等人，2013）

表2、斷奶前后的營養對斷奶后129天的生長性能的影響（實驗1；勞勒等，2002）

Table 2. Effect of pre- and post-weaning nutrition on pig performance to 129 days post-weaning (Experiment 1; Lawlor et al., 2002a).

Conversely, pigs that were heavier at weaning because they were heavier at birth had higher intake and daily gain in the first 4 weeks post-weaning and their weight advantage had increased by 60 % at 26 days post-weaning (Table 3). The differential in weight between heavy and light pigs at weaning (1.3 kg) could be traced back to a 170 g difference in birth weight between the two groups. Similar results are reported extensively and the benefit from a heavy weaning weight is evident up to slaughter weight. This work highlights the importance of achieving heavy birth weights. Pre-weaning management, although important cannot correct for low birth weights. The importance of birth weight in this regard is most likely because lighter pigs at birth have fewer muscle fibres which results in lower lean gain deposition rates and poorer FCE (Dwyer, et al., 1993). It is also important to note that, unless a high nutrient density diet is fed post-weaning, the benefits that arise from having a heavy pig at birth are lost (Lawlor et al., 2002a).

    相反，出生體重較大導致斷奶體重較大的仔豬，在斷奶后前四周的采食量和日增重都大，他們的體重優勢在斷奶后26天提高了60％（表3）。斷奶時體重大與體重小的組間差別是1.3千克，這可能是兩組間出生體重差異170克左右造成的。類似的結果被廣泛報道，斷奶體重大的好處是顯而易見的，這種優勢可以直到屠宰。這以研究表明了出生體重大的重要性。斷奶前的管理，雖然重要但不能糾正低出生體重的劣勢。在這個方面出生體重的重要性有可能是由于出生體重小的仔豬有更少的肌肉纖維，這導致較低的瘦肉沉積速率和較差的FCE（德懷爾等，1993）。同樣重要的是要注意，除非在斷奶后飼喂高營養密度的日糧，初生重大的優勢可能會丟失（勞勒等人，2002年）。

表3.斷奶后日糧對初生重大和初生重小的仔豬在斷奶后26天的性能的影響（實驗2；勞勒等人，2002）。

Table 3. Effect of post-weaning diet on performance of heavy and light pigs from weaning to day 26 post-weaning (Experiment 2; Lawlor et al., 2002a)

3. Water intake